Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope.

Diagnostic cystoscopy is usually carried out with local anaesthesia. General anaesthesia is sometimes used for operative cystoscopic procedures.

A cystoscope

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the doctor focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract. Some cystoscopes use optical fibres (flexible glass fibres) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. Cystoscopes range from between the thickness of a pencil, up to approximately 9mm and have a light at the tip. Many cystoscopes have extra tubes to guide other instruments for surgical procedures to treat urinary problems.

Flexible Cystoscopy

There are two main types of cystoscopy - flexible and rigid - differing in the flexibility of the cystoscope. Flexible cystoscopy is carried out without the use of local anaesthesia on both sexes. Typically, xylocaine gel (such as the brand name Instillagel) is used as an anaesthetic, instilled in the urethra. Rigid cystoscopy can be performed under the same conditions, but is generally carried out under general anaesthesia, particularly in male subjects, due to the pain caused by the probe.

A doctor may recommend cystoscopy for any of the following conditions:

•   Frequent urinary tract infections
•   Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Loss of bladder control (incontinence) or overactive bladder
• Unusual cells found in urine sample
• Need for a bladder catheter
• Painful urination, chronic pelvic pain, or interstitial cystitis
• Urinary blockage such as from prostate enlargement, stricture, or narrowing of the urinary tract
• Stone in the urinary tract
•  Unusual growth, polyp, tumor, or cancer

Source:
* wikipedia